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Category: Media Law

Metadata by TLF: Issue 20

Posted on March 14, 2021March 13, 2021 by Tech Law Forum NALSAR

Welcome to our fortnightly newsletter, where our reporters Harsh Jain and Harshita Lilani put together handpicked stories from the world of tech law! You can find other issues here, and you can sign up for future editions of the the newsletter here.

Facebook-Australia standoff ends as both parties agree to truce

Facebook has reached an agreement with the Australian Government and will restore news pages in the country days after restricting them. The decision follows negotiations between the tech giant and the Australian Government, which is set to pass a new media law that will require digital platforms to pay for news. The law, if passed, will make digital platforms pay local media outlets and publishers to link their content in news feeds or search results. Under the amendments, the Australian Government will give digital platforms and news publishers two months to mediate and broker commercial deals before subjecting them to mandatory arbitration under the proposed media law. Both Google and Facebook have fought against the media law since last year. Google previously threatened to remove its search service from Australia in response to the proposed law. But the company has since struck commercial deals with local publishers including the Murdoch family-owned media conglomerate News Corp. Facebook, for its part, followed through with a threat to remove news features from Australia.

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News Publishers and the Claim for Remuneration: An Analysis (Part II)

Posted on February 19, 2021February 19, 2021 by Tech Law Forum NALSAR

[This two-part post has been authored by Soham Chakraborty, a third year student at NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad. Part I can be found here.]

Part 1 of the article looked at the arguments being made by news publishers and news aggregators. It also looked at various laws passed by different countries in the past and their impacts in the respective countries. This part will attempt to analyze the Australian law in light of the history of such agreements and also tries to make some policy suggestions going forward.

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News Publishers and the Claim for Remuneration: An Analysis (Part I)

Posted on February 19, 2021February 19, 2021 by Tech Law Forum NALSAR

[This two-part post has been authored by Soham Chakraborty, a third year student at NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad. Part II can be found here.]

Nowadays, people are likelier to get their daily doses of information online than by reading a newspaper as in decades past. Even when online, research shows that people are more likely to consume their news from social media or by visiting news aggregators like Yahoo News, Google News etc. which include links to news articles from a variety of publishers.

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Regulation of Content on OTT Platforms: An Explainer

Posted on December 21, 2020December 21, 2020 by Tech Law Forum NALSAR

[This Explainer has been authored by Harsh Jain and Sankalp Jain of the NALSAR Tech Law Forum Blog.]

The over-the-top (‘OTT’) industry in India has been growing exponentially–faster than anywhere else in the world–and pegged to reach a size of $5 billion by the year 2023. With an increase in internet penetration, coverage and speed, the consumption of content available on OTT streaming services is at an all-time high. This has not only increased the accessibility to titles old and new, but has also created a new avenue for content-creation on diverse themes. As the pandemic led to the closure of movie theatres and other forms of public entertainment, OTT platforms have been growing in India along with the rest of the world. 

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Data Rights in Sports: The case of Event Data

Posted on December 5, 2020December 7, 2020 by Tech Law Forum NALSAR

[Ed Note: The following post is part of the TLF Editorial Board Test 2020-21. It has been authored by Dhananjay Dhonchak, a second year student of NALSAR University of Law.]

The commercialisation of sport coupled with advancements in technology have made it possible to collect and analyse vast reams of data generated in sporting activities. The information generated can take various forms such as physiological data of athletes, event and even fan-data. This article specifically focuses on event data and the legal concerns relating to its ownership and control.

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Protection of Graphical User Interfaces in India: Copyright or Design?

Posted on May 27, 2020November 1, 2020 by Tech Law Forum @ NALSAR

[This post has been authored by Adhyasha Samal of the Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur.]

Graphical User Interfaces (“GUIs”) refer to the visual elements of a user interface that facilitate interaction between the user and the system. GUIs are rapidly evolving and are applied in personal computers as well as phones, tablets, e-watches and other smart devices. Preceded by command-line interfaces which required users to enter a command in the text box to complete a function, GUIs came into existence when Xerox Corporation created the first personal computer, Alto, containing the first GUIin 1970. It was soon followed by Apple’s Macintosh and Microsoft’s MS Windows.

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Delhi HC’s order in Swami Ramdev v. Facebook: A hasty attempt to win the ‘Hare and Tortoise’ Race

Posted on January 6, 2020January 6, 2020 by Tech Law Forum @ NALSAR

This post has been authored by Aryan Babele, a final year student at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law (RGNUL), Punjab and a Research Assistant at Medianama.

On 23rd October 2019, the Delhi HC delivered a judgment authorizing Indian courts to issue “global take down” orders to Internet intermediary platforms like Facebook, Google and Twitter for illegal content as uploaded, published and shared by users. The Delhi HC delivered the judgment on the plea filed by Baba Ramdev and Patanjali Ayurved Ltd. requesting the global takedown of certain videos which were alleged to be defamatory in nature.

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Metadata by TLF: Issue 6

Posted on October 10, 2019December 20, 2020 by Tech Law Forum @ NALSAR

Welcome to our fortnightly newsletter, where our Editors put together handpicked stories from the world of tech law! You can find other issues here.

Delhi HC orders social media platforms to take down sexual harassment allegations against artist

The Delhi High Court ordered Facebook, Google and Instagram to remove search result, posts and any content containing allegations of sexual harassment against artist Subodh Gupta. These include blocking/removal of social media posts, articles and Google Search result links. The allegations were made about a year ago, by an unknown co-worker of Gupta on an anonymous Instagram account ‘Herdsceneand’. These allegations were also posted on Facebook and circulated by news reporting agencies. An aggrieved Subodh Gupta then filed a civil defamation suit, stating these allegations to be false and malicious. Noting the seriousness of the allegations, the Court passed an ex-parte order asking the Instagram account holder, Instagram, Facebook and Google to take down this content. The Court has now directed Facebook to produce the identity of the person behind the account ‘Herdsceneand’ in a sealed cover. 

Further Reading:

  1. Trisha Jalan, Right to be Forgotten: Delhi HC orders Google, Facebook to remove sexual harassment allegations against Subodh Gupta from search results, Medianama (1 October 2019).
  2. Akshita Saxen, Delhi HC Orders Facebook, Google To Take Down Posts Alleging Sexual Harassment by Artist Subodh Gupta [Read Order], LiveLaw.in (30 September 2019).
  3. Aditi Singh, Delhi HC now directs Facebook to reveal identity of person behind anonymous sexual harassment allegations against Subodh Gupta,  Bar & Bench (10 October 2019).
  4. The Wire Staff, Subodh Gupta Files Rs. 5-Crore Defamation Suit Against Anonymous Instagram Account, The Wire (1 October 2019)
  5. Dhananjay Mahapatra, ‘MeToo’ can’t become a ‘sullying you too’ campaign: Delhi HC, Times of India (17 May 2019).
  6. Devika Agarwal, What Does ‘Right to be Forgotten’ Mean in the Context of the #MeToo Campaign, Firstpost (19 June 2019).

Petition filed in Kerala High Court seeking a ban on ‘Telegram’

A student from National Law School of India, Bengaluru filed a petition in the Kerala high court seeking a ban on the mobile application – Telegram. The reason cited for this petition is that the app has no  checks and balances in place. There is no government regulation, no office in place and the lack of encryption keys ensures that the person sending the message can not be traced back. It was only in June this year that telegram refused to hand over the chat details of the ISIS module to the National Investigation Agency.  As compared to apps such as Watsapp, Telegram has a greater degree of secrecy. One of the features Telegram boasts of is the ‘secret chat’ version which notifies users if someone has taken a screenshot, disables the user from forwarding of messages etc. Further, there are fewer limits on the number of people who can join a channel and this makes moderation on the dissemination of information even more difficult. It is for this reason that telegram is dubbed as the ‘app of choice’ for many terrorists. It is also claimed that the app is used for transmitting vulgar and obscene content including child pornography. Several countries such as Russia and Indonesia have banned this app due to safety concerns. 

Further Reading:

  1. Soumya Tiwari, Petition in Kerala High Court seeks ban on Telegram, cites terrorism and child porn, Medianama (7 October 2019).
  2. Brenna Smith, Why India Should Worry About the Telegram App, Human Rights Centre (17 February 2019).
  3. Benjamin M., Why Are So Many Countries Banning Telegram?, Dogtown Media (11 May 2019).
  4. Vlad Savov, Russia’s Telegram ban is a big convoluted mess, The Verge (17 April 2018).
  5. Megha Mandavia, Kerala High Court seeks Centre’s views on plea to ban Telegram app, The Economic Times (4 October 2019). 
  6. Livelaw News Network, Telegram Promotes Child Pornography, Terrorism’ : Plea In Kerala HC Seeks Ban On Messaging App, Livelaw.in (2 October 2019).

ECJ rules that Facebook can be ordered to take down content globally

In a significant ruling, the European Court of Justice ruled that Facebook can be ordered to take down posts globally, and not just in the country that makes the request. It extends the reach of the EU’s internet-related laws beyond its own borders, and the decision cannot be appealed further. The ruling stemmed from a case involving defamatory comments posted on the platform about an Austrian politician, following which she demanded that Facebook erase the original comments worldwide and not just from the Austrian version worldwide. The decision raises the question of jurisdiction of EU laws, especially at a time when countries are outside the bloc are passing their own laws regulating the matter.

Further Reading:

  1. Adam Satariano, Facebook Can Be Forced to Delete Content Worldwide, E.U.’s Top Court Rules, The New York Times (3 October 2019).
  2. Chris Fox, Facebook can be ordered to remove posts worldwide, BBC News (3 October 2019).
  3. Makena Kelly, Facebook can be forced to remove content internationally, top EU court rules, The Verge (3 October 2019).
  4. Facebook must delete defamatory content worldwide if asked, DW (3 October 2019).

USA and Japan sign Digital Trade Agreement

The Digital Trade Agreement was signed by USA and Japan on October 7, 2019. The Agreement is an articulation of both the nations’ stance against data localization. The trade agreement cemented a cross-border data flow. Additionally, it allowed for open access to government data through Article 20. Articles 12 and 13 ensures no restrictions of electronic data across borders. Further, Article 7 ensures that there are no customs on digital products which are electronically transmitted. Neither country’s parties can be forced to share the source code while sharing the software during sale, distribution, etc. The first formal articulation of the free flow of digital information was seen in the Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT), which was a key feature of the Osaka Declaration on Digital Economy. The agreement is in furtherance of the Trump administration’s to cement America’s standing as being tech-friendly, at a time when most other countries are introducing reforms to curb the practices of internet giants like Google and Facebook, and protect the rights of the consumers. American rules, such as Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act shields companies from any lawsuits related to content moderation. America, presently appears to hope that their permissive and liberal laws will become the framework for international laws. 

Further Reading:

  1.     Aditi Agarwal, USA, Japan sign Digital Trade Agreement, stand against data localisation, Medianama (9 October 2019).
  2.     U.S.-Japan Digital Trade Agreement Text, Office of the United States Trade Representative (7 October 2019).
  3.   Paul Wiseman, US signs limited deal with Japan on ag, digital trade,Washington Post (8 October 2019).
  4.   FACT SHEET U.S.-Japan Digital Trade Agreement, Office of the United States Trade Representative (7 October 2019).
  5. David McCabe and Ana Swanson, U.S. Using Trade Deals to Shield Tech Giants From Foreign Regulators, The New York Times (7 October 2019).

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Emergence of OTT Market in India: Regulatory and Censorship Issues

Posted on September 27, 2019 by Tech Law Forum NALSAR

This post has been authored by Gaurav Kumar, a 3rd year student at Dr. Ram Manhar Lohiya National Law University (RMLNLU), Lucknow. He is also a Contributing Editor at the RMLNLU Arbitration Law Blog.

The media industry in recent times is witnessing a revolution when it comes to censorship of streaming content. As compared to theatres it has become comparatively much easier for the web industry to dodge any moral scrutiny when releasing its work. While the release of the Narendra Modi biopic during the 2019 Lok Sabha Elections caused significant controversy, a web series on the same subject was allowed to air without any issues, though it was later removed by the Election Commission for having violated the Model Code of Conduct.

There have been many instances where the content of a web series has been objected to for promoting vulgarity, violence and attacking political and religious sentiments. The Delhi HC recently witnessed a PIL filed by an NGO called Justice for Rights Foundation seeking framing of guidelines to regulate the functioning of online media streaming platforms such as Netflix, Amazon and others alleging that they show unregulated, uncertified, and inappropriate content. However, the current situation indicates that content produced by such platforms continues to be outside the purview of censorship laws, thereby requiring a regulatory mechanism to balance out the conflicting views of the government, attempting to play a watchkeeping role and the advocates of creative and artistic freedom.

What are OTT platforms?

“Over-the-top (OTT)” is the buzz-word for services carried over networks that deliver value to customers without the involvement of a carrier service provider in the planning, selling, provisioning and servicing aspects. Essentially, the term refers to providing content over the internet unlike traditional media such as radio and cable TV.

The entertainment industry in recent times has gradually moved towards releasing content on streaming platforms such as Netflix and Amazon Prime. This is due to consumer preferences as expressed in a survey report by Mint and YouGov, which reveals millennials’ preference for online streaming as against cable TV. Another finding by Velocity MR expects the audience movement to reach 80% following the implementation of the new tariff regime for pay-television by TRAI, and the positive responses to series like Sacred Games and Mirzapur from critics and audience shows that quality of content is the key factor influencing the move to streaming services.

Considering its increasing popularity it becomes important to understand OTT with an Indian perspective.  In 2015, amid the burning debates of net neutrality, TRAI floated a Consultation Paper On Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT) services to “analyze the implications of the growth of OTTs”. In this paper it defined the term “OTT provider” as a “service provider which offers Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services but does not operate a network or lease capacity from a network operator.”. Instead, such providers rely on global internet and access network speeds ( to reach the user, thereby going “over-the-top” of a service provider’s network. Based on the kind of service they provide, there are three types of OTT apps:

  • Messaging and voice services;
  • Application ecosystems, linked to social networks, e-commerce; and
  • Video/audio content.

In November, 2018, TRAI came out with another consultation paper considering a “significant increase in adoption and usage” since its last paper. In order to bring clarity with regard to the understanding of OTT, chapter 2 of this Consultation Paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-The-Top (OTT) Communication Services discussed the definitions adopted for OTT in various jurisdictions. However, it failed to formulate a definition due to the lack of consensus at the global level. Moreover, the earlier definition of the 2015-Consultation paper, which has been reiterated in 2018, also appears to lose context because it was more oriented towards the telecom service providers.

TRAI’s approach while discussing OTT services has been to restrict itself to the telecom industry so as to address their complaints regarding interference by OTT services in the domain traditionally reserved for telecom service providers. Even though it includes “video content” as its third category, a lack of clarity for defining web series within the ambit of OTT in India is evident which explains the absence of a regulatory mechanism for the same.

Differences between OTT platforms and conventional media

Conventional media vests the broadcaster with the discretion to air particular content. The viewer in this case involves all age groups and classes who have no control over the content being broadcasted, as a result of which governmental authorities are in charge of determining whether particular content is suitable for being shown to the public. However, the emergence of streaming has enabled a switch to a more personalized platform that caters to individual consumers enabling them to decide for themselves own what they wish to watch, which completely removes the role of government discretion and intervention.

Although there exist rules and restrictions to regulate pay-television operators, they fail to put any checks and balances on the newly emerged online streaming platforms for the significant differences in their structure and technology. The individualized viewing experience that has come up with the OTT media channels has clearly reduced the amount of surveillance, any existing regulatory bodies could have, over these platforms.

Can OTT platforms be regulated using existing laws?

The censorship of films in India is governed by the Cinematograph Act of 1952, which lays down certain categories in order to certify the films which are to be exhibited. Cable Broadcast is governed by the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 and Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994. The Cable TV rules explicitly lays down the program and advertising codes that need to be followed in every broadcast.

Although it can be argued that that online streaming of content can be treated like cable broadcast, this would fail to comply with the legal test when it comes to application of the statute to streaming platforms. Certification for cable television does not require a separate mechanism but rather is done by the Central Board of Film Certification itself, and the cable TV rules restrict any program from being carried over cable if it is in contravention of the provisions – specifically Rule 6(n) of the Cable TV Rules – of the Cinematograph Act.

The problem here arises when defining the category within which web series will fall under the existing laws. Under the Cable TV Act, cable service means “the transmission by cables of programs including re-transmission by cables of any broadcast television signals.”[1] Cable television network is defined as “any system consisting of a set of closed transmission paths and associated signal generation, control and distribution equipment, designed to provide cable service for reception by multiple subscribers.”[2] However, the mode of transmission for OTT platforms is substantially different insofar as the content travels through Internet service providers which are difficult to regulate given their expanding nature. This makes the existing broadcasting laws inapplicable to OTT services.

The future of the OTT market

Censorship has always prevailed in the Indian television and cinema industry. Despite accusation of moral policing the CBFC has continued to censor moves to bring them in line with its understanding of public morality. This involves issues of free speech and expression which has seen the courts get involved in these matters, adjudicating upon directions issued by the CBFC in various instances.

TRAI is presently assessing a consultation process to construct a framework to regulate online video streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime and Hotstar, etc. on requests made by some of the stakeholders of the film industry. Some major tycoons of the industry such as Netflix, Hotstar, Jio, Voot, Zee5, Arre, SonyLIV, ALT Balaji and Eros Now signed a self-censorship code that prohibits the over-the top (OTT) online video platforms from showing certain kinds of content and sets up a redressal mechanism for customer complaints. However, Amazon declined to sign this code, along with Facebook and Google, stating that the current rules are adequate.

Considering the fact that the OTT media industry is increasing rapidly, sooner or later it will require a regulatory body. Portals like Netflix are not even India-run, which furthers the socio-political pressure to scrutinize western content on the government. Moreover, the spread of this industry to the vulnerable group will always remain a concern. Another problem that might come up with time could be of regulating the prices of the services as seen recently with the Cable TV. This may, in fact, lead to conflicts between this emerging online streaming industry and the pre-existing cable TV industry. The courts are already being approached, against the violent and obscene content of some of the series, indicating the need of immediate attention of the legislature to take appropriate steps. The OTT-boom in the Indian entertainment market has certainly revolutionized the viewing experience but it has posed many questions and loopholes that need to be addressed in the near future.

[1] Section 2(b), Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995.

[2] Section 2(c), Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995.

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Metadata by TLF: Issue 4

Posted on September 10, 2019December 20, 2020 by Tech Law Forum @ NALSAR

Welcome to our fortnightly newsletter, where our Editors put together handpicked stories from the world of tech law! You can find other issues here.

Facebook approaches SC in ‘Social Media-Aadhaar linking case’

In 2018, Anthony Clement Rubin and Janani Krishnamurthy filed PILs before the Madras High Court, seeking a writ of Mandamus to “declare the linking of Aadhaar of any one of the Government authorized identity proof as mandatory for the purpose of authentication while obtaining any email or user account.” The main concern of the petitioners was traceability of social media users, which would be facilitated by linking their social media accounts with a government identity proof; this in turn could help combat cybercrime. The case was heard by a division bench of the Madras HC, and the scope was expanded to include curbing of cybercrime with the help of online intermediaries. In June 2019, the Internet Freedom Foundation became an intervener in the case to provide expertise in the areas of technology, policy, law and privacy. Notably, Madras HC dismissed the prayer asking for linkage of social media and Aadhaar, stating that it violated the SC judgement on Aadhaar which held that Aadhaar is to be used only for social welfare schemes. 

Facebook later filed a petition before the SC to transfer the case to the Supreme Court. Currently, the hearing before the SC has been deferred to 13 September 2019 and the proceedings at the Madras HC will continue. Multiple news sources reported that the TN government, represented by the Attorney General of India K.K. Venugopal, argued for linking social media accounts and Aadhaar before the SC. However, Medianama has reported that the same is not being considered at the moment and the Madras HC has categorically denied it.

Further Reading:

  1. Aditi Agrawal, SC on Facebook transfer petition: Madras HC hearing to go on, next hearing on September 13, Medianama (21 August 2019).
  2. Nikhil Pahwa, Against Facebook-Aadhaar Linking, Medianama (23 August 2019).
  3. Aditi Agrawal, Madras HC: Internet Freedom Foundation to act as an intervener in Whatsapp traceability case, Medianama (28 June 2019).
  4. Aditi Agrawal, Kamakoti’s proposals will erode user privacy, says IIT Bombay expert in IFF submission, Medianama (27 August 2019).
  5. Prabhati Nayak Mishra, TN Government Bats for Aadhaar-Social Media Linking; SC Issues Notice in Facebook Transfer Petition, LiveLaw (20 August 2019).
  6. Asheeta Regidi, Aadhaar-social media account linking could result in creation of a surveillance state, deprive fundamental right to privacy, Firstpost (21 August 2019).

Bangladesh bans Mobile Phones in Rohingya camps

Adding to the chaos and despair for the Rohingyas, the Bangladeshi government banned the use of mobile phones and also restricted mobile phone companies from providing service in the region. The companies have been given a week to comply with these new rules. The reason cited for this ban was that refugees were misusing their cell phones for criminal activities. The situation in the region has worsened over the past two years and the extreme violation of Human Rights is termed to be reaching the point of Genocide according to UN officials. This ban on mobile phones, would further worsen the situation in Rohingya by increasing their detachment with the rest of the world, thus making their lives at the refugee camp even more arduous.

Further Reading:

  1. Nishta Vishwakarma, Bangladesh bans mobile phones services in Rohingya camps, Medianama (4 September 2019).
  2. Karen McVeigh, Bangladesh imposes mobile phone blackout in Rohingya refugee camp, The Guardian (5 September 2019).
  3. News agencies, Bangladesh bans mobile phone access in Rohingya camps, Aljazeera (3 September 2019).
  4. Ivy Kaplan, How Smartphones and Social Media have Revolutionised Refugee Migration, The Globe Post (19 October 2018).
  5. Abdul Aziz, What is behind the rising chaos in Rohingya camps, Dhakka Tribune (24 March 2019).

YouTube to pay 170 million penalty for collecting the data of children without their consent

Alphabet Inc.’s Google and YouTube will be paying a $170 million penalty to the Federal Trade Commission. It will be paid to settle allegations that YouTube collected the personal information of children by tracking their cookies and earning millions through targeted advertisements without parental consent. The FTC Chairman, Joe Simons, condemned the company for publicizing its popularity with children to potential advertisers, while blatantly violating the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act. The company has claimed to advertisers, that it does not comply with any child privacy laws since it doesn’t have any users under the age of 13. Additionally, the settlement mandates that YouTube will have to create policies to identify content that is aimed at children and notify creators and channel owners of their obligations to collect consent from their parents. In addition, YouTube has already announced that it will be launching YouTube Kids soon which will not have targeted advertising and will have only child-friendly content. Several prominent Democrats in the FTC have criticized the settlement, despite it being the largest fine on a child privacy case so far, since the penalty is seen as a pittance in contrast to Google’s overall revenue.

Further Reading:

  1. Avie Schenider, Google, YouTube To Pay $170 Million Penalty Over Collecting Kids’ Personal Info, NPR (4 September 2019).
  2. Diane Bartz, Google’s YouTube To Pay $170 Million Penalty for Collecting Data on Kids, Reuters (4 September 2019).
  3. Natasha Singer and Kate Conger, Google Is Fined $170 Million for Violating Children’s Privacy on YouTube, New York Times (4 September 2019).
  4. Peter Kafka, The US Government Isn’t Ready to Regulate The Internet. Today’s Google Fine Shows Why, Vox (4 September 2019).

Facebook Data Leak of Over 419 Million Users

Recently, researcher Sanyam Jain located online unsecured servers that contained phone numbers for over 419 million Facebook users, including users from US, UK and Vietnam. In some cases, they were able to identify the user’s real name, gender and country. The database was completely unsecured and could be accessed by anybody. The leak increases the possibility of sim-swapping or spam call attacks for the users whose data has been leaked. The leak has happened despite Facebook’s statement in April that it would be more dedicated towards the privacy of its users and restrict access to data to prevent data scraping. Facebook has attempted to downplay the effects of the leak by claiming that the actual leak is only 210 million, since there are multiple duplicates in the data that was leaked, however Zack Whittaker, Security Editor at TechCrunch has highlighted that there is little evidence of such duplication. The data appears to be old since recently the company has changed its policy such that it users can no longer search for phone numbers. Facebook has claimed that there appears to be no actual evidence that there was a serious breach of user privacy.

Further Reading:

  1. Zack Whittaker, A huge database of Facebook users’ phone numbers found online, TechCrunch (5 September 2019).
  2. Davey Winder, Unsecured Facebook Server Leaks Data Of 419 Million Users, Forbes (5 September 2019).
  3. Napier Lopez, Facebook leak contained phone numbers for 419 million users, The Next Web (5 September 2019).
  4. Kris Holt, Facebook’s latest leak includes data on millions of users, The End Gadget (5 September 2019).

Mozilla Firefox 69 is here to protect your data

Addressing the growing data protection concerns Mozilla Firefox will now block third party tracking cookies and crypto miners by its Enhanced Tracking Protection feature. To avail this feature users will have to update to Firefox 69, which enforces stronger security and privacy options by default. Browser’s ‘Enhanced Tracking Protection’ will now remain turned on by default as part of the standard setting, however users will have the option to turn off the feature for particular websites. Mozilla claims that this update will not only restrict companies from forming a user profile by tracking browsing behaviour but will also enhance the performance, User Interface and battery life of the systems running on Windows 10/mac OS.

Further Readings

  1. Jessica Davies, What Firefox’s anti-tracking update signals about wider pivot to privacy trend, Digiday (5 September 2019).
  2. Jim Salter, Firefox is stepping up its blocking game, ArsTechnica (9 June 2019).
  3. Ankush Das, Great News! Firefox 69 Blocks Third Party Cookies, Autoplay Videos & Cryptominers by Default, It’s Foss (5 September 2019).
  4. Sean Hollister, Firefox’s latest version blocks third-party trackers by default for everyone, The Verge (3 September 2019).
  5. Shreya Ganguly, Firefox will now block third-party tracking cookies and cryptomining by default for all users, Medianama (4 September 2019).

Delhi Airport T3 terminal to use ‘Facial Recognition’ technology on a trial basis

Delhi airport would be starting a three-month trial of the facial recognition system in its T3 terminal. This system is called the Biometric Enabled Seamless Travel experience (BEST). With this technology, passenger’s entry would be automatically registered at various points such as check-in, security etc. Portuguese company- toolbox has provided the technical and software support for this technology. Even though this system is voluntary in the trial run the pertinent question of whether it will remain voluntary after it is officially incorporated is still to be answered. If the trial run is successful, it will be officially incorporated.

Further Reading:

  1. Soumyarendra Barik, Facial Recognition tech to debut at Delhi airport’s T3 terminal; on ‘trial basis’ for next three months, Medianama (6 September 2019).
  2. PTI, Delhi airport to start trial run of facial recognition system at T3 from Friday, livemint (5 September 2019).
  3. Times Travel Editor, Delhi International Airport installs facial recognition system for a 3 month trial, times travel (6 September 2019).
  4. Renée Lynn Midrack, What is Facial Recognition, lifewire (10 July 2019).
  5. Geoffrey A. Fowler, Don’t smile for surveillance: Why airport face scans are a privacy trap, The Washington Post (10 June 2019).

UK Court approves use of facial recognition systems by South Wales Police

In one of the first cases of its kind a British court ruled that police use of live facial recognition systems is legal and does not violate privacy and human rights. The case, brought by Cardiff resident Ed Bridges, alleged that his right to privacy had been violated by the system which he claimed had recorded him at least twice without permission, and the suit was filed to hold the use of the system as being violative of human rights including the right to privacy. The court arrived at its decision after finding that “sufficient legal controls” were in place to prevent improper use of the technology, including the deletion of data unless it concerned a person identified from the watch list.

Further Reading:

  1. Adam Satariano, Police Use of Facial Recognition Is Accepted by British Court, New York Times (4 September 2019).
  2. Owen Bowcott, Police use of facial recognition is legal, Cardiff high court rules, The Guardian (4 September 2019).
  3. Lizzie Dearden, Police used facial recognition technology lawfully, High Court rules in landmark challenge, The Independent (4 September 2019).
  4. Donna Lu, UK court backs police use of face recognition, but fight isn’t over, New Scientist (4 September 2019).

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